This paper delves into the complexities of Malaysia’s maritime security policies, structured into three main components. Firstly, it emphasizes Malaysia’s status as a maritime nation, highlighting its economic reliance on sea trade, which constituted 126% of the GDP in 2016, with 80-95% of trade reliant on maritime routes. Historical context shows that ancient Malay kingdoms thrived on maritime trade. Moreover, Malaysia is the second-largest oil and natural gas producer in Southeast Asia, with significant contributions to government revenue from hydrocarbons. The marine environment supports various economic activities, yet Malaysia’s maritime security policies are often inadequately implemented despite their importance.
The second part examines five pressing issues affecting Malaysia’s maritime policies. The role of the Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA), which streamlined the previously fragmented maritime security response, is critical. Despite this progress, challenges remain, notably inter-agency cooperation and the threat of maritime crime, including piracy and illegal fishing, particularly from neighboring nations. Geography complicates Malaysia’s security landscape; the vast waters it must patrol far exceed its land mass, and the physical separation of East and West Malaysia further complicates surveillance and enforcement efforts.
Financial constraints hinder Nigeria’s defense capabilities, with less than 5% of the national budget allocated to defense, significantly limiting the resources available for maritime enforcement agencies like the MMEA. Although there has been a recent increase in funding, existing assets remain outdated and insufficient.
The ongoing South China Sea territorial disputes present a critical regional threat, as Malaysia faces heightened incursions from Chinese maritime forces, needing to amplify patrols and resources in response. In addition, the Sulu Sea region near Eastern Sabah suffers from chronic kidnapping incidents tied to local criminal elements, prompting the establishment of the Eastern Sabah Security Command, which enhances security collaboration among various agencies.
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